DECARBONISATION

Decarbonisation is a top priority for the global fashion industry as it tackles complex and interrelated environmental challenges, including land use, water use, chemical use, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. With ambitions to reach net zero, alongside mounting pressure from regulation, media attention, consumer awareness, supply chain risks, and shareholders’ ESG demands, the industry is both eager and obligated to act.

What’s the challenge?

With the global average temperature projected to rise by, or even exceed, 3°C this century — well beyond the 1.5°C goal of the Paris Agreement, drastically curbing industry GHG emissions is an unequivocal and necessary action that must be taken in order to limit global warming. 

In the fashion industry, Scope 3 emissions represent an organisation’s most significant greenhouse gas impact. On average, 96% of emissions stem from Scope 3 across those fashion brands with approved science based targets (SBTs). 55% of emissions come from Tier 2, which is material production, so there is a huge opportunity for decarbonisation in this stage of the supply chain. Equally pressing is the industry’s significant water footprint, which strains planetary boundaries and impacts global water resources. As well as its use of often hazardous and synthetic chemistry.

What do we hope to achieve by working in this area?

Decarbonisation of the supply chain is essential, with near short-term solutions like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and phasing out coal offering around 45% emissions reduction potential. However, to achieve net zero, innovation is key, contributing 36% (0.9 Gt of CO2) of the required reduction. 

Fashion for Good aims to transform the apparel industry by driving the commercial adoption of such innovations for example next-gen materials, chemistry and mostly dry processes. This required collective action from all stakeholders in the industry such as brands, manufacturers, innovators, and investors. Our bold ambition is to enable embedding these innovations in the supply chain spread across geographies. To make this happen, we have to look at all solutions consequently and to avoid the carbon tunnel syndrome and holistically evaluate carbon emissions along with water, chemistry and other impact lenses. By 2030, we hope to create enough evidence that innovations have commercial viability and need to work in tandem with existing solutions to reach the next zero targets.

Solutions categorised that enable a net-zero fashion industry by 2050. Source: Aii & FFG Analysis 2021

How do we address this area?

Working with our brand and manufacturing partners, we identify key areas contributing to increased emissions and create targeted projects and working groups focused on these areas. We are setting up industry defining initiatives to discover the possibilities and demonstrate the future realities of decarbonisation.   

Fashion for Good is focusing on driving the adoption of sustainable innovations to close the decarbonisation gap, while reducing water and chemistry use. Amongst others, we are working on initiatives to accelerate the adoption of next-gen and preferred materials, including textile recycling and bio-based fabrics, while helping transition to mostly dry processing by replacing current processes with technologies that require little to no water. 

PROCESSING MACHINERY

Pretreatment

Pretreatment in textile processing involves preparing fibres, yarns, or fabrics for subsequent steps like dyeing and finishing. This stage typically includes desizing, scouring, and bleaching to remove impurities, enhance absorbency, and ensure uniform dye uptake. Traditionally, these processes are water-intensive, occurring in large tanks or baths maintained at high temperatures.

Colouration

Processing machinery for colouration in textiles includes digital printing, ozone treatments, and laser technology. Digital printing applies designs directly onto fabrics with minimal water and energy use. Ozone treatments clean or bleach garments, reducing resource consumption. Laser technology creates patterns and finishes, offering sustainable alternatives to traditional methods.

Finishing

Processing machinery for textile finishing encompasses equipment used in the final stages of textile manufacturing to enhance fabric performance and aesthetics. These machines facilitate processes such as calendering, raising, and chemical treatments, which improve properties like smoothness, luster, and durability.

PROCESSING CHEMISTRY

Pretreatment Consumables

In textile processing, pretreatment consumables are chemicals used to prepare fabrics for subsequent treatments like dyeing and finishing. These include agents for desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerising, which clean and modify fibres to enhance dye uptake and fabric quality.

Dyeing Consumables

Dyeing consumables are materials used in textile dyeing processes, including dyes, chemicals, water, and energy and can be made from plant based substances, Algae & Co2. These inputs are essential for pretreatment, coloration, and finishing stages to achieve desired fabric properties. Optimising consumable use is crucial for sustainability, as dyeing consumes significant resources.

Finishing Consumables

Biobased finishing consumables are textile treatments, such as durable water repellents (DWR), derived from renewable biological sources. These alternatives to conventional, often petroleum-based, finishes aim to reduce environmental impact by utilising sustainable materials. Innovations include fluorine-free, over 50% biobased DWRs developed through plant-based polymer emulsions.

ENERGY TRANSITION

Electrification

The energy transition involves shifting from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, emphasizing electrification to reduce carbon emissions. In the fashion industry, this includes adopting renewable electricity and enhancing energy efficiency in stores, offices, and distribution centres.

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Heat Batteries

Thermal Energy Storage (TES) involves capturing heat for later use, enhancing energy efficiency and supporting the shift to renewable sources. Heat batteries are a form of TES that store thermal energy, providing heating or cooling on demand. In the textile industry, TES can aid in decarbonising processes by improving energy efficiency.

Biomass

Biomass energy involves converting organic materials into heat, electricity, or biofuels. In fashion, it offers renewable alternatives to fossil fuels, aiding decarbonisation. However, its sustainability depends on responsible sourcing and processing to avoid environmental harm.

Relevant Innovators

Relevant Resources

Explore tools, news, reports, and insights at the forefront of creating a positive future for the fashion industry.

FAQ's

What does “decarbonisation” mean in the context of fashion?

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the fashion supply chain, particularly targeting Scope 3 emissions (e.g. materials, processing, logistics), to align with climate goals like limiting global warming to 1.5 °C.

Why is decarbonisation a priority for fashion?

Because the industry’s impact spans land use, water use, chemical use, biodiversity loss, and GHG emissions; decarbonisation is key to meeting regulatory, investor, consumer, and planetary pressures.

How much of a fashion company’s emissions typically come from Scope 3?

On average, 96 % of emissions for fashion brands with validated Science Based Targets are Scope 3. Of that, about 55 % originates in Tier 2 (material production).

What are the levers for decarbonisation that Fashion for Good supports?

  • Energy transition (renewables, electrification, heat storage)
  • Process innovation (mostly dry / low‑water processing, digital printing, ozone, laser)
  • Chemistry innovation (biobased, low-impact dyes and finishes)
  • Material transition (next-gen, preferred materials)

What is the “carbon tunnel syndrome” and why does Fashion for Good caution against it?

It refers to focusing solely on carbon reductions while neglecting other impact areas (water, chemistry, biodiversity). Fashion for Good emphasises a holistic evaluation across multiple environmental lenses.

Which projects or initiatives are active in decarbonisation via Fashion for Good?

  • Advanced Processing Matrix (APM) — validating dry or mostly dry processing innovations
  • D(R)YE Factory of the Future — piloting low-water / waterless textile processing in partnership with brands and manufacturers
  • Future Forward Factories — creating blueprints for net‑zero / near-zero processing facilities
  • Dyestuff Library — assessing sustainable dyes to reduce environmental impact in coloration and finishing
  • From Waste to Black Pigment — validating pigment derived from waste to replace fossil fuel–derived carbon black

How much of the emissions abatement can innovation realistically contribute?

Existing levers like renewable energy and energy efficiency can account for ~45 % of required reductions; innovation must contribute ~36 % (≈ 0.9 Gt CO₂e) toward achieving net zero.

What challenges do brands or manufacturers face in adopting decarbonisation technologies?

Some common barriers include:

  • High upfront capital costs and uncertain ROI
  • Performance risk and lack of operational validation
  • Integration with existing infrastructure
  • Fragmented demand and scaling challenges
  • Supply chain alignment and coordination

How can a brand or manufacturer engage or begin with decarbonisation?

  • Pilot and validate low-impact processing technologies
  • Commit to offtake or demand signals for new innovations
  • Engage with FFG’s working groups, tools (e.g. APM), or collaborative projects
  • Invest in factory upgrades or energy transition pathways, e.g. via the Future Forward Factory initiative
  • Collaborate with chemistry, materials, innovation partners